Влияние прямых иностранных инвестиций на проблему социального неравенства в странах разного уровня развития / The impact of FDI on the problem of social inequality in countries of different levels of development
Аннотация
Inequality has become a big problem for States as it has many negative consequences. The aim of our work is to investigate how FDI affects the inequality of countries with different levels of development. The object of the study is inequality, the subject is the factors that influence it. For the study, we divided 135 countries into four subsamples based on income level and applied the fixed effects model.
The level of inequality is significantly higher in developing countries, while the volume of FDI flows is higher in developed countries. The analysis showed that although inequality is more pronounced in underdeveloped nations, those with upper middle incomes tend to have the biggest gaps. In nations with low incomes, all Gini index values are higher than 30%. The degree of inequality in advanced nations has been impacted by COVID-19, which is another crucial point to remember. Additionally, we predicated that countries would rely more on integration activities at this time, such as FDI and international commerce. A more or less clear conclusion can be drawn regarding the rise in transfers in developed countries, which have a negative relationship with inequality and will eventually have an impact on its decline. During the analysis, the Kuznets theory was also preliminary confirmed, and if the trend towards an increase in GDP continues, inequality is going to decrease.
Significant non-linear relationship was found only in upper-middle income countries. For all samples belonging to developing countries, education was a significant factor. Moreover, in countries with upper middle incomes, economic growth also affects inequality by first increasing and then decreasing it. In high income nations, the variables influencing the income gap were the level of GDP, openness of trade, remittance and inflation.
The level of inequality is significantly higher in developing countries, while the volume of FDI flows is higher in developed countries. The analysis showed that although inequality is more pronounced in underdeveloped nations, those with upper middle incomes tend to have the biggest gaps. In nations with low incomes, all Gini index values are higher than 30%. The degree of inequality in advanced nations has been impacted by COVID-19, which is another crucial point to remember. Additionally, we predicated that countries would rely more on integration activities at this time, such as FDI and international commerce. A more or less clear conclusion can be drawn regarding the rise in transfers in developed countries, which have a negative relationship with inequality and will eventually have an impact on its decline. During the analysis, the Kuznets theory was also preliminary confirmed, and if the trend towards an increase in GDP continues, inequality is going to decrease.
Significant non-linear relationship was found only in upper-middle income countries. For all samples belonging to developing countries, education was a significant factor. Moreover, in countries with upper middle incomes, economic growth also affects inequality by first increasing and then decreasing it. In high income nations, the variables influencing the income gap were the level of GDP, openness of trade, remittance and inflation.