Развитие зеленых энергетических технологий в разных группах стран/Development of green energy technologies in different groups of countries
Аннотация
The search and application of green energy technologies attracts the attention of the world community, since their use can bring environmental and economic benefits. Currently, the issue of using traditional fossil energy sources is acute, since there is a tendency for a significant increase in prices for them, which makes it difficult, and in some cases even makes it impossible to use traditional energy sources. With the growth of energy consumption and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, humanity is facing the problem of irreversible negative changes in the ecosphere. The problem of climate change is increasingly being raised in the modern world, and many industrialized countries are resorting to the use of renewable energy sources and green energy technologies. Also, the relevance of the development of renewable energy is manifested against the background of depletion of reserves of fossil sources. Against the background of conditional free and unlimited use of renewable energy sources, the construction of stations carries high capital costs. But every year, technologies for obtaining energy from renewable sources are being improved, which helps to reduce their cost and increase accessibility. The field of renewable energy, and especially aspects of its development in highly industrial and newly industrial countries, remains little explored. From this point of view, this study will help to understand what factors influence the development of renewable energy and green energy technologies in the above-mentioned groups of countries, as well as serve as a recommendation base for the development of renewable energy and green energy technologies.
The purpose of the study is to study the aspects of the development of green energy technologies in different groups of countries, as well as to give some recommendations for the development of green energy and technologies.
In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set:
- to study the theoretical background of the development of green energy and technologies;
- to identify the factors of development of green energy and technologies;
- to conduct a comparative analysis of the experience of highly industrialized countries that have succeeded in this area with countries that have taken care of this problem not so long ago and which can be attributed to the group of new industrial countries;
- to give some recommendations on the development of green energy and technologies.
The objects of this study can be called two groups of countries: highly industrial countries and new industrial countries.
The subject of this study can be called the influence of various factors on the development of green energy and technologies both in highly industrial countries and in newly industrial countries.
The methodological tools of this study include graphical analysis and econometric research methods, such as regression analysis by the OLS method, tests for heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, fixed effect method and method of IV-GMM.
The practical significance of the study consists in recommendations for improving the system of stimulating the development of green energy technologies in highly industrialized countries and newly industrialized countries by obtaining more detailed results of statistical and econometric analysis.
The information and empirical base of the research is the provisions on the sustainable development of clean energy technologies in the HICs and NICs groups of countries, scientific results of research by foreign and Russian scientists on the development of green energy and clean energy technologies in general, and on the example of individual countries or groups, as well as statistical databases such as IRENA, Enerdata, World Data Bank and OECD Statistics.
The study found that the share of renewable energy at the moment remains small - 28%. The leading position in renewable energy sources is occupied by hydropower (both flow and tidal). Norway, Brazil and New Zealand are the leaders in the production of renewable energy with its consideration. When considering only the totality of solar and wind energy production, the leaders are replaced by Germany and Spain. The anti-rating in both situations includes Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, in the second case Russia joins them. In terms of patenting new technologies, which is primarily needed to create energy security, the most patentable technology is the generation of energy using solar photovoltaic technologies. There is also inequality in the possibility of creating patents for green energy technologies in the world, against this background, international technology transfer is developing, mainly from developed countries to developing countries.
In the course of the study, the set goals were achieved and the following results were obtained.
According to the results of the study, the greatest development is shown by wind and solar, namely solar photovoltaic technologies. Since many countries are diversifying energy sources, and these sources are the most popular after hydropower. The joint application of market and non-market environmental policies, which is reflected by the environmental policy stringency index, is effective for the production of renewable energy. In newly industrialized countries, attracting foreign direct investment in the energy sector is primarily done to stimulating the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. As part of countering the increase in emissions, countries are striving for energy efficiency and increasing the production of renewable energy.
The following recommendations may be offered:
- - the governing bodies should ensure the effective joint application of market and non-market environmental policies to enhance the development of renewable energy production and technologies in both groups of countries;
- curbing or reducing the consumption of fossil fuel energy in a renewable energy development policy to stimulate this development in newly industrialized countries;
- companies should purchase more economical and environmentally friendly equipment in order to increase energy efficiency. This can contribute to the availability of energy at the local level;
- the Governments of the countries of both groups should develop programs for the introduction of micro grids based on wind and solar photovoltaic energy in remote areas;
- the governing bodies of both groups of countries should provide blockchain technologies at the household level between buyers and producers of energy for faster and more profitable transactions for the purchase and sale of electricity.
The purpose of the study is to study the aspects of the development of green energy technologies in different groups of countries, as well as to give some recommendations for the development of green energy and technologies.
In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set:
- to study the theoretical background of the development of green energy and technologies;
- to identify the factors of development of green energy and technologies;
- to conduct a comparative analysis of the experience of highly industrialized countries that have succeeded in this area with countries that have taken care of this problem not so long ago and which can be attributed to the group of new industrial countries;
- to give some recommendations on the development of green energy and technologies.
The objects of this study can be called two groups of countries: highly industrial countries and new industrial countries.
The subject of this study can be called the influence of various factors on the development of green energy and technologies both in highly industrial countries and in newly industrial countries.
The methodological tools of this study include graphical analysis and econometric research methods, such as regression analysis by the OLS method, tests for heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, autocorrelation, fixed effect method and method of IV-GMM.
The practical significance of the study consists in recommendations for improving the system of stimulating the development of green energy technologies in highly industrialized countries and newly industrialized countries by obtaining more detailed results of statistical and econometric analysis.
The information and empirical base of the research is the provisions on the sustainable development of clean energy technologies in the HICs and NICs groups of countries, scientific results of research by foreign and Russian scientists on the development of green energy and clean energy technologies in general, and on the example of individual countries or groups, as well as statistical databases such as IRENA, Enerdata, World Data Bank and OECD Statistics.
The study found that the share of renewable energy at the moment remains small - 28%. The leading position in renewable energy sources is occupied by hydropower (both flow and tidal). Norway, Brazil and New Zealand are the leaders in the production of renewable energy with its consideration. When considering only the totality of solar and wind energy production, the leaders are replaced by Germany and Spain. The anti-rating in both situations includes Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, in the second case Russia joins them. In terms of patenting new technologies, which is primarily needed to create energy security, the most patentable technology is the generation of energy using solar photovoltaic technologies. There is also inequality in the possibility of creating patents for green energy technologies in the world, against this background, international technology transfer is developing, mainly from developed countries to developing countries.
In the course of the study, the set goals were achieved and the following results were obtained.
According to the results of the study, the greatest development is shown by wind and solar, namely solar photovoltaic technologies. Since many countries are diversifying energy sources, and these sources are the most popular after hydropower. The joint application of market and non-market environmental policies, which is reflected by the environmental policy stringency index, is effective for the production of renewable energy. In newly industrialized countries, attracting foreign direct investment in the energy sector is primarily done to stimulating the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. As part of countering the increase in emissions, countries are striving for energy efficiency and increasing the production of renewable energy.
The following recommendations may be offered:
- - the governing bodies should ensure the effective joint application of market and non-market environmental policies to enhance the development of renewable energy production and technologies in both groups of countries;
- curbing or reducing the consumption of fossil fuel energy in a renewable energy development policy to stimulate this development in newly industrialized countries;
- companies should purchase more economical and environmentally friendly equipment in order to increase energy efficiency. This can contribute to the availability of energy at the local level;
- the Governments of the countries of both groups should develop programs for the introduction of micro grids based on wind and solar photovoltaic energy in remote areas;
- the governing bodies of both groups of countries should provide blockchain technologies at the household level between buyers and producers of energy for faster and more profitable transactions for the purchase and sale of electricity.